saivam 3

fh\;kPu irtrkak;

1.  Njhw;Wtha;

rlq;F KiwAs;s rkaj;jpw;F Ntwhf xUikf; nfhs;ifr; rhj;jpukhf fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L Kw;gFjpapy; fh\;kPuj;jpy; irtrkak; Njhd;wpaJ. mJ Ntjj;ij Nkw;nfhs;shj kjkhFk;. Ntjj;ijg; gpukhz E}yhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mJ cupik ngw;w %tUzj;jhu;f;Nf cupajd;W. Kj;jptop nry;Yk; #j;jpuid tpyf;Ftjd;W. rhjp> ehL Kjypa vy;iyfis Nehf;fhJ kf;fs; vy;NyhUila rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ. ,/njhU Mfk kjk;. mWgj;J ehd;F xUikf;nfhs;ifAila rpthfkq;fspdpd;Wk; Njhd;wpajhfg; Gyg;gLk;.

,k;kjj;ijr; Rje;jupathjnkd;gh;. ,J Rje;ju ,r;irNa mbg;gilahd Ez;nghUsha; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. vy;yhj; Njhw;wKk; mbg;gilahd Ez;nghUsha; Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. vy;yhj; Njhw;wKk; mbg;gilahd Ez;nghUspd; gUg;nghUshFk; vd;W Fwpg;gu;. ,jdhy; ,jid Mghrthjnkd;W $Wg. mJ Kk;ikj; njhFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjhy; mjidj; jpupf;fh vd;gu;. xUikf; nfhs;ifAila irtk; gw;wpf; fpilf;Fk; E}y;fis Mf;fpNahu; midtUk; fhu;kPuj;jpy; tpsq;fpajhy; ,J fh\;kPu irtk; vDk; ngaUilajhapw;W. ,f;nfhs;if ntWk; mDkhd ciu msitfshy; Muha;e;J KbTnra;ag;gl;ljd;W. Nahfg; gapw;rpahy; cz;ikg; nghUNshL xd;wpj;J epd;W cz;lhFk; mDgtj;jhyhfpaJ.

xUikf;nfhs;ifr; irtk; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; fh\;kPuk; gy jj;JtQhdf; nfhs;iffSf;F ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. mNrhfu; fhyk; (fp.K 273 – 232) Kjy; fh\;kPuj;jpy; ngsj;jk; Mjpf;fj;NjhL epiyj;jpUe;jJ. mjd; cl;gpupTfsha; NtWgl;l gy fl;rpfis xw;Wikg;gLj;j ngsj;j rkaf; FUkhu;fis fh\;kPuj;jpy; fdp\;fu; vd;W $l;bdhu;. fdp\;fhu; (fp.gp 78 – 101) fh\;kPuj;ij (fdp\;fGuk;) ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F guprspj;jhd;. mg;nghOJjhd; mr;rkaj;jpd; ,Ug;G irtu;fSf;F cWj;Jtjhapw;W. ehfhu;[Pdd; Ml;rpf;F te;J ngsj;j rkaj;ijg; gug;gj; njhlq;fpd. fy;`hdu; jd;Dila “uh[hjuq;fpdp” vd;Dk; E}Yk;> tujuh[u; jd;Dila “rpt#j;jputhu;j;jpfj;jpYk;” jUf;fg;Nghu; tpUg;gk; nfhz;l ehf[Pdiuf; Fwpj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

ghzpdp tpahfuzk; EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J gbf;fg; ngw;wJ. gjQ;ryp kfhgh\;aj;jpw;F tpUj;jpAiu ifahjhu; vOjpdhu;. ,tiu mgpetFg;jghju; vd toq;fpdu;. mgpetFg;jghjiu gjQ;ryp mtjhuk; vd;gu;. mgpetFg;jghju; vDk; ngau; mtu; Mrpupau;fshy; mtUf;F mspf;fg;ngw;wJ. xUikf;nfhs;ifAila Ntjhe;jk; kpfTk; ngUtof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;xUikf; nfhs;ifapy; mf;$l;lj;jhUs; gbj;jtu;fSf;fpUe;j tpUg;gk; fh\;kPuj;jpw;F rq;fuhr;rhupahu; tUifahy; mjpfupj;jJ. xUikf; nfhs;ifAila irtu;fSs; xU gFjpapduhNy xUikf; nfhs;ifAila rhf;Njak; tpsq;fg;ngw;wJ. Ntjhe;jj;jpy; KO xw;Wikahf rhq;fpak; ,q;F tpsq;fpaJ.  

2.  tuyhWk; E}y;fSk;

rpt#j;jpuj;jpw;F Mrpupauhd thRFg;ju; (fp.gp 825) vd;gu;. Mfkf; nfhs;iffis rhj;jpu Kiwapy; tpsf;fpa Kjy;tuhtu;. ,tu; kw;wtu; rhj;jpuf; fUj;Jf;fis ftdpj;jtu; my;yu;. mtuJ vz;zk; mwptpaYf;F xj;j tz;zk; xU rkaj;ij tFj;Jf; $Wtjd;W. cz;ikg; nghUspd; mDgtj;ij %tifahf tFj;Jiug;gNjahFk;. Mifahy; gpukhzj;jhy; xU rhd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. ciug;gpukhzj;jhYk; cWjpnra;ag; ngwtpy;iy. mtu; xU kiyr;ruptpy; ntl;b itj;jpUe;j #j;jpuq;fisNa $wpdhu; vd;gJ kuG.

fhyhj;jgl;lu; vd;gtu; thRFg;jupd; khztu;. mtu; jd; Mrpupau; E}yhfpa “];ge;jfhupif” ia vOjp ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jDs; cz;ikg; nghUisg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp gpukhz G+u;tkhf rpwpJ njhlq;fg; ngw;wJ. kw;Wk; gpwrkaq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; cl;fpilaha; tpsq;fpd.

Nrhkee;ju; thRFg;j fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j Xu; ,isQu;. mtu; cz;ikg; nghUis gpukhzq;fisf; nfhz;L Muha;e;jhu;. mtu; gy irtf;nfhs;if Kiwfis njspthff; Fwpf;fpd;whu;. mf;nfhs;if Kiwfs; gpioAWtd vd;W tpsf;fk; nra;fpd;wdu;. tpahfuzthjpfsJ rg;j gpukthjj;ijAk; fh\;kPu irtj;jpdupd; xU gpuptpduhfpa “rhf;j jitj” thjj;ijAk; mtu; jhf;Ffpd;wdu;. “thf;fpaj;gjpa” ,j;Js;guh vd;Dk; cz;ikg; nghUshtJ igre;jp vd;W gj;Ufup (fp.gp 650) $wpa nfhs;ifia kWj;jhu;. igre;jpf;F KOtJk; Ntwha; cs;sJ “guh” vd epiyepWj;jpdu;. #f;Fk thf;fhfpa igre;jpapypUe;J J}yitfupahf ikj;jpik khWfpd;wikiajhd; Ke;jpa tpahfuzk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ifahju; gpujPgj;jpy; rj;tup> rpupq;fk; Kjypa Ntj ghRuq;fSf;F NtWKiwahfg; nghUs; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjid ehNfrg;gl;lu;guh vd;W Fwpf;fj; jdJ “cj;jpNahjj;Js;” nghUs; $Wfpd;wdu;. ehNfrg;gl;lUk; mtu;gpd; te;NjhUk; igre;jpapd;Wk; guh vd;W njspthf;fpaJ irthfkq;fspd; fUj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ljdhyhFk;. tpahfuz nka;g;nghUs; ,aYf;F Nrhkee;ju; nra;j cjtp igre;jpapapd;Wk; cau;e;jjha; cs;sJ> guh vd;W njspthf cWjpnra;jjhFk;. ,e;jg; guh> irtu;fs; $Wk; tpkkrk my;yJ Rtje;jpupak; vd;gjw;F xg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Nrhkhee;ju; (mtu; E}ypd;) %d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; rhf;jj;t;a thjk; Mfpa rhf;j xUikf; nfhs;ifapy; Fiwiaf; fhz;gu;. MwhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; RUf;fkhf itNrbak;> epahak;> rhq;fpak;> rkzk; Kjypa nfhs;iffSld; xUikf; nfhs;if Ntjhe;jj;ijAk; ngsj;jj;jpy; gy gpupTfisAk; fz;Ls;sdu;. cz;ikg;nghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij kw;iwa rkaf;nfhs;if Kiwfspd; xj;j nfhs;iffs; epd;Wk; NtWgLj;jp irtrkapfs; cWjpnra;jgb tpupthf tpupj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.

mtu; thRFg;ju; mwpahj Kj;jpf;F rhjdj;ij irthfkj;jpy; fz;lhu;. khjtu; ,aw;wpa ru;tjuprd rq;fpufj;jpy; ,r;rhjdk; gpuj;agpf;Qh vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt ,f;nfhs;if KiwahfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ. thRFg;ju; %j;jpf;F %d;W rhjdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mit rk;gtk;> rhf;jk;> Mztk; vdg;gLtd. ,itahTk; Nahfg; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;ld. thRFg;jUf;F Nkyhd Kj;jpf;F xU GJikahd topapid Nrhkhde;ju; tpsf;fpdhu;. mtu; cz;ikg; nghUshfpa Kj;jpia xUtd; jd; eilKiw tho;tpy; mwpe;J mDgtpf;fyhk; vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shu;. “Kj;jpepiyahdJ xUtdJ capupd; cs;epd;w capuhFk;” mJ mwpahik Nghu;itahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. capupd; rhukhd jd;ikia xj;jjd;W njspe;jNghJ mt;twpahik ePf;FtjhFk; vd;w nfhs;ifia Nrhkhde;ju; cilatuhtu;.

Nrhkhde;juJ khztu; cj;ghyhr;rhupahu; kw;iwa rkaf; fl;rpfNshL NtWgl;l gy;tif ngsj;jf; fl;rpfis EZfp Muha;e;J Fiwgl;ldu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngsj;jk; fh\;kPuj;jpy; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; xUikf; nfhs;if irtj;ij ngsj;jj;ij kWj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mk;kWg;ig kWf;fntz;zp cj;ghyhr;rhupahu; <];tugpuf;jtpf;Qh fhupifiaAk; mjd; ,uz;L tpUj;jp ciufisAk; nra;jUspdhu;. mJ xUikf;nfhs;if irtj;jpd; Kf;fpa nfhs;ifis kWj;j ngsj;ju; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilahFk;. cj;ghyhr;rhupahupd; khztupd; khztu; mgpeg Fg;ju; Mtu;. mtu; mwpTf;fsQ;rpakhFk; rpe;jidahsu;. cau;e;j nja;t mDgtk; epiwe;jtu;. mtu; mbf;fb jd;idg; gw;wpAk; jd; E}y;fis nra;j fhyj;ijAk; ,aw;wpa ,lq;fisAk; mtu; E}y;fspy; Fwpf;fpd;whu;. xUikf;nfhs;if irtj;jpd; cz;ik tuyhW vOtjw;F mgpeaFg;jUila E}y;fspd; njspe;j Kf;fpa gFjpfNs %ykhFk;.

mgpetFg;jupd; E}y;fs; ehw;gj;njhd;Ws; ,d;Dk; mjpfhu E}y;fs; ,aw;wpdhu; vd;gjw;F rhd;Ws;sJ. mWgj;Jehd;F xUikf;nfhs;if irt Mfkq;fSf;F tpUj;jpAiu vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;. je;jpuNyhfk; vDk; jdpj;j E}y; xd;Wk; vOjpdhu;. mJ xUikf; nfhs;if irtMfkq;fspd; mDG+jpf; nfhs;if irtrkaj;jpd; flTs; epiy> rkar;rlq;F my;yJ fpupia> mwpthuhl;rp> csg;gz;G> cz;ik tpsf;fk; Kjypa Jiwfs; gw;wpajhFk;. gpd;du; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Ma;T> ehlff;fiy gw;wpa E}y;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F tpsf;fk; vOjpdhu;. kw;Wk; mtu; Mde;jtu;j;jduJ “j;tdpaNyhfk;” vDk; E}iyg; gw;wp “Nyhrzk;” vDk; E}iy vOjpdhu;. mgpNjak; (tof;fhW) jhw;gupak; (Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;) ,yf;fz vDk; %tif nghUl;fspdpd;Wk; Ntwhf j;tdpg;nghUs; vd;gJ Md;kPfg; nghUis Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;JtJ vd;W cWjpnra;jdu;. gujuJ ehl;baf; fiyf;F mgpeaghujp vDk; XUiu nra;jhu;. ehlff; fiyapy; moFf;fiy gw;wpa xU nfhs;ifia ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,f;nfhs;ifiag; gpd;te;j E}yhrpupau; ngUk;ghYk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. ,Wjpahf xUikf; nfhs;if irtk; gw;wp cj;ghyhr;rhupahu; vOjpa ,U E}y;fSf;F tpUj;jpAiu vOjpdhu;. mt;tpU E}y;fs; <];tugpuj;a tpf;ah fhupifiaAk; mjd; “jPfh” Tk; Mtd. gpuj;agpf;Qh nfhs;if Kiwf;F mtuJ ciufSk; %y E}y;fSk; kpf;f rpwg;Giladthf fUjg;gLtd.

mgpet Fg;ju; Mw;wpa ,U cjtpfSs; xd;W xUikf; nfhs;ifapd; vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; irtj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mWgj;Jehd;F rpthfkq;fNshL mtw;wpd; gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L njhlu;GgLj;jpajhFk;. kw;nwhd;W ,e;jpa moFf;fiyf; nfhs;ifia xUikf; nfhs;ifr; irtrkaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cWjpnra;jjhFk;. mtUf;FKd; gioa epaha kj Kiwg;gb =rq;FfuhYk;> xUikf; nfhs;if Ntjhe;j Kiwg;gb ehafgl;luhYk;> fh\;kPuj;jpy; moFf;fiy mDgtq;fs; tpupj;J ciuf;fg;ngw;wd. mgpet Fg;ju; ,t;tpUtu; KiwfSk; nghUj;jkw;wit vdj; njspTgLj;jpAs;shu;.

mgpet Fg;jUf;Fg; gpd; ,k;kjf; nfhs;ifapd; RUf;fKk; rpy ciu E}y;fSNk vOe;jd. mit Nfrkuhau; (fp.gp 1040) nra;j “gpuj;agpf;Qh ,Ujak;” gioa rpe;jidahsu; E}ypd; tpUj;jpAiu mgpetFg;ju; ,aw;wpa ghukhu;j;j rhuj;jpw;F Nahfuh[u; fp.gp 1060 ,aw;wpa tpUj;jpAiu> je;jpuNyhfj;jpw;F n[auj (fp.gp 1180) ,aw;wpa tpUj;jpAiu <];tugpuf;agpf;Qh tpku;rpdpf;F gh];fufhe;jh (fp.gp 1780) ,aw;wpa tpUj;jpAiu vd;gdthFk;.  

3.  fh\;kPu irtj;jpd; jd;ikfs;

fh\;kPu irtk; Xh; mDG+jp mDgt epiyAilaJ. cz;ikg;nghUs; tuk;gpy;yhj KOKjw; nghUs; vd;Dk; fUj;JilaJ. mk;KOKjypd; epiy nrhy;y KbahjJ. Mjypd; mjd; Fzq;fs; $wnthz;zhjd. mJ kdpj caphpd; nrhy;nyhz;zhj rhuj;ij xj;J tpsq;FtJ. mjid mile;J ,Wjpahd xd;wpa epiy milaf; $Lk;. me;epiy $Ljw;Fg; gbKiwahd rhjdq;fSs; Gyd;fle;j nghUspay; Muha;r;rp gFj;jwptpw;Fg; nghUe;jpaJ. kf;fs; mDgtj;ijj; JUtp Muha;fpwJ. mJ Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljpd; fle;j nghUspay; newpapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; mt;tEgtk; ,aYk; vd;W tpsf;FfpwJ. mjd; nghUs;fis mEkhd msitahy; Muha;e;J cWjp nra;J> ciug; gpukhzj;jhy; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jidj; jd;dpr;irahanjd;gh;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahnjdpd; mjd; ,Wjpaha Gyd;fle;j nghUspay; fUj;J> nray; chpikahfpa (Free will) Rje;jpu ,r;irahFk;.

mJ> gy nka;g;nghUs; ,ay; nfhs;iffspy; xd;WgLj;jpa njhFjpahFk;. mJ xd;Nwhnlhd;W khWgLk; fUj;Jf;fis Muha;e;J mitfis xU kjf;nfhs;ifahjw; nghUl;Lj; jpUj;jpAk;> khw;wpAk;> mikfpwJ. rhq;fpauJ ,Ugj;Jehd;F jj;Jtq;fisAk; GU\idAk; Ntz;ba khw;wq;fNshL Vw;Wf; nfhs;SfpwJ. Ntjhe;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J khiaia Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. mitfNshL gj;Jj; jj;Jtq;fisf; $l;bf;nfhs;fpwJ. mtw;Ws; Ie;J> Gydwpitf; fle;jd. kw;wit> jdpj;jdp caph;fis vy;iyg; gLj;Jgit. ,itfl;F Nkyhfg; guk;nghUis epWj;JfpwJ. guk;nghUspd; Njhw;wq;fNs ,j;jj;Jtq;fshk;.

,r;rkaj;Js; ,e;jpahtpy; epyTk; Kf;fpakhd fUj;J Kiwfs; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU gFjpAz;L mg;gFjpfs; ahTk; xt;nthU fUj;J KiwAk; Md;khitg; gw;wpf; nfhz;l fUj;Jf;fis xl;bNa mike;jdthFk;. Md;khitg; gw;wp ieahapfUk; gpwUk; nfhz;l fUj;ijNa Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,r; rkaj;jpdh;> mwpT ,d;g Jd;gq;fshfpa Fzq;fspd; mbg;gilia> cyf tho;f;ifapYs;sNghJ Gj;jpf;Fk;> mjd; moptpy; #dpaj;jpw;Fk; xg;ghff; $Wfpd;wdh;. tpQ;Qhd thjpfs; Md;khit vz;zq;fspd; njhlh;r;rp vd;W fUJfpwdh;. vz;zq;fSs; gpe;jpaJ Kd; nrd;witfspdpd;Wk; Njhd;wpa thridiaf; iff;nfhs;SfpwJ. ,J Gj;jpapd; khw;wq;fNsahFk;. Ntjhe;jj;Js; Fwpf;fg;gLk; gpukk; Rj;j mwpthFk;. tpkh;rk; (Md;ktwpT) ,y;yhjJ> vdNt rhe;jkhFk;. %d;whtjhfpa rjhrpt jj;Jtj;jpw;F xj;jjhFk;. ,J Nkiyehl;Lj; jj;Jt mwpQh; n`fy; jj;Jt tpsf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; tpsq;FfpwJ. msitfshy; epWTk; Kjy; nghUshfpa cs;nghUis mth; ghh;kpidl;]; $wpa KO Kjw;nghUSf;F xg;ghff; Fwpf;fpd;whh;. mth; $Wk; ,uz;lhtjhd ,y;nghUs;> #d;a thjpfshfpa ngsj;jh;fs; $wpa #d;aj;jpw;Fk; xg;ghFk;.

mJ ,Uikf;nfhs;ifiaAk; (Dualism) gytifahd gd;ikf; nfhs;ifiaAk; (Pluralism) kWf;fpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;if> Muha;r;rpapy;yhj rhjhuz kdpjd; fUj;jhFk;. ,jdhy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Md;kh my;yhj nghUSf;Fk; fyg;Gz;lhfhj Kiwapy; gpsT Vw;gLj;Jtd. fhz;ghDk; fhzg;gLk; nghUSk; KOtJk; NtWgl;Lj; jdpj;jdp epw;gjhYk; mtw;wpd; mbg;ilahd Ntw;Wik ciladthjYk;> jdpj;jdp xd;wpdpd;Wnkhd;W ePq;fpajhy; NtWgLtd thjyhYk; mit xd;Nwhnlhd;W $Ljy; mhpjhFk;.

tpQ;QhdthjpfsJ mftpay; epiy (Subjectivisim) Vwf;Fiwa gu;f;fpypapd; jj;Jt Qhdj;ij xj;jpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtuJ Kiwapy; flTisg; gw;wpf; Fwpf;Fk; epiyia ePf;fptpl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Ff; fh\;kPu irtj;jpd; Nehf;fk; rpwpJ NtWgl;lJ. ,r;irtk; vz;zq;fspd; epiyahikf; nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. MapDk; capupd; jd;dpay;G epiyahikia kWf;fpwJ. nghUs; gw;wpa vz;zq;fis epiyepWj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; td;ikAila capu; epiyAjypy;iyahdhy; xt;nthU vz;zk; mopfpd;wNghJ capu; mopAnkd;why; KO czu;Tf;F Ntz;ba vz;zq;fs; njhlu;r;rpaw;wdthFk;. tpQ;Qhdthjpfspd; gy;tif thjq;fis thrid vd;w Kiwahy; ,J kWf;fpwJ. fhz;l; vd;gtu; xU Gwg;nghUs; cz;ikia Nkw;nfhs;Sfpwhu;. mJ Rl;b mwpaj;jf;fjd;W. mjd; nraypypUe;J ca;j;Jzug;gLtJ. mJ Gwg;nghUisg; Nghd;wjhFk;. GydwpTf; nfhs;ifahfpa ghfpahu;j;jDNka (Bahyarthanumeya) thjf;nfhs;ifia kWf;fpwJ. ,J mwpjw;Fs;s gy nghUs;fis tpsf;fty;y Xu;ghff; nfhs;ifahapDk; (Hypothesis) eilKiw tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;f ty;yjd;W. Rl;bawpa Kbahjjha; Cfpj;jwpa ty;y nghUs;fNshL tho;f;ifia elj;jtpayhJ.

Ntjhe;jj;jpd; mj;Jtpjf; nfhs;ifia mJ kWf;fpwJ. mJ> khiaia cs;nghUSkpd;wp ,y;nghUSkpd;wp mepu;trdPa khia cyfpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;wNghJ Ntjhe;jp jd;idj; Jd;gj;Js; mo;j;jpf; nfhs;Sfpwhd;. GydwpTf;Fupa ,t;Tyfpw;Ff; fhuzk; khia vd;gJ ,yf;fzkhFkh?

mDG+jp nka;k;ik mDgtk;: mDG+jp mDgt Kiwapy; cz;ikg;nghUs; jdf;FNky; xd;wpy;yhj ,Wjpg;nghUshFk;. mjdhy; mJ vy;iy fle;jJ@ mjd; ,yf;fzk; $wnthz;zhjJ@ mJgw;wp tpdhf;fs; voTk; tpilfs; ,Uf;fTkpayhJ. ,J mJ@ ,Jtd;W@ mJtd;W vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;fjd;W@ rpj;jKk; nry;yhr; Nra;ikaJ. nrhw;gjKq; fle;jJ. fhZjw;Fk; mupaJ. epidj;jw;FkupaJ. vj;jifa nrhy;Nyh my;yJ nrhw;fNsh ehk; $wpadhYk; mjDz;ik ,ay;gpid mit mwptpf;fty;yitay;y.

,e;j cz;ikg; nghUisj; nja;tPf rhjdk; gapw;rpahy;jhd; ngwKbAk;. flTspdplj;jpdpd;W capiu NtWgLj;JtJk;> rpWikg;gLj;JtJkhd kyq;fspdpd;Wk; mr;rhjdk; capiu tpLtpf;f mike;jJ.

MapDk; mDgtj;jpy; tpsq;Fk; cz;ikg;nghUs; Gydwptpw;Ff; fle;J epw;Fk; nghUSf;F Ntwd;W. mk;KOKjw;nghUs; Gyd;fle;Jk; vq;Fk; fye;J epw;Fk; nghUs; (tp];thjPjd; - tp];tkak;) fh\;kPu irtk; kiwe;J epw;gJk; czu;T fle;J epw;gJkhd ,ay;Gf; fUj;Jf;fis mDG+jp mDgtk; fUj;NjhL xUikg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwJ. ,t;thNw Nkiyehl;L mDG+jp mDgtpfSk; nra;Js;sdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gpNshbd]; vd;gtu; kdthf;FfSf;F vl;lhj xU nghUSz;L. m/NjhUau;e;j jj;Jtg; nghUshf Fwpg;gjw;fpy;iy. mDG+jp Mde;jf;fspg;ghy;jhd; mDgtpf;fj;jf;fJ vd;W xUGwk; $Wfpwhu;. kw;nwhUGwk; me;jg; nghUs; gy;tifg; nghUs;fSf;Fj; Njhw;wKk; KbTkhaJ. mjdplj;Nj gifg;nghUs;fSk;> ehdhtpjkhditfSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vdTk; $Wfpwhu;.

fhl;rpg;nghUs; nfhs;ifAk;> fUj;J Kjw;nfhs;ifAk;: ,t;tpU nfhs;if KiwfSk; nka;g;nghUs; ,ay; fUj;J Kiwapy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W khWgl;lit. mwptpd; njhlh;gpd;wpj; jdpj;J mwptpyhg; nghUs; ,Ug;gJ vd;Dk; nfhs;ifiaf; fhl;rpg; nghUs; newp Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. fUj;J Kjw;nfhs;if xt;nthd;Wk; ,aw;ifahfNt mwpT my;yJ xU fUj;jpd; njhlh;GilaJ. fUj;jpw;F kwhfg; nghUz;ik ,y;iy vd;Dk; fUj;J cilajhFk;. ,t;tpuz;bidAk; fh\;kPu irtk; xw;Wikg;gLj;JfpwJ. mjdhy; ,jid cyfpay; nrwpe;j Qhdnewpnad;gh;.

mDgtpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;fs; xUtJ mwptpd; tpisT vd;gJ fUj;J Kjw;nfhs;ifah; $w;whFk;. Gwg;nghUSz;ik Gydwpthy; Cfpf;fg;gLtnjd;W $Wth;. fhl;rpg; nghUs; cz;ik thjpfs; (realists) ,t;tpuz;L $w;wF;fSf;Fk; khwhfg; Gwg;nghUs; cyF caph;g;nghUSf;F Ntwhfj; jdpj;jpUg;gJ vd;Wk; Gyd;fshy; ftug;glhj fhyj;Jk; mwptpd;fz; Gwg;nghUs; ,Ug;gd vd;Wk; fh\;kPu irtk; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. Gwg;nghUSyfk; Nguwptpd; ,aw;ifahFk;. jdpg;gl;l xUtdJ mwpthfhJ@ GydhDgtk; Njhw;Wk; fhyj;J kdj;ij mayhd xU kdj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;@ capuwptpw;F Ntwhd nghJ kdj;jpd; NguwptpdJ Njhw;wNkahFk;. ,aw;ifAyF Nguwptpd; cyfNkahFk;. m/J capuwptpw;F Kd;NdAk; gpd;NdAk; ,Ug;gJ.

fhl;rpg;nghUs; nfhs;ifia Vw;w fUj;J Kjw;nfhs;if (Idealism) nrwpe;j Qhdnewp> fUj;jpay; newpapYk; fhl;rp ,ay; newpapYk; cs;s cz;ikahd tw;iw Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. fUj;J Kjw; nfhs;if ,Ug;Gg; nghUs; thjk; ,ayhnjd;Wk; fUj;Jk; nghUSyFk; kdtwptpYs;sJ vd;Wk; fhl;rpg; nghUs; thjk; $Wk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; nrwpe;j Qhd newp ,t;tpUtiff; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Vw;WF;nfhs;fpwJ. ehk; trpf;Fk; Gwg;nghUSyfk; nghJg; Nguwptpd; (Universal Mind) Njhw;wkhjyhy; mwptpd; fz;Nz tpsq;Ftnjd;W $WtJ cz;ikahFk;. MapDk; mJ> jdp capuwptpw;Fg; Gwk;ghAs;sJ. Mjyhy; m/J cz;ikg; nghUNsahFk;.

nghJg; NguwpT (Universal Mind) (kNfRud;) fh\;kPu irtk;> jdp vapuwpT nghJg; NguwpNthL xj;jJ mNgjkhdJ vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;SfpwJ. Nguwptpd; epiy gw;wpa fUj;J> jdp capuwptpd; ghFghl;bd; mbahff; fhzg;gLtjhFk;. mJ kWf;f Kbahj ,Utiff; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpf;fpwJ.

( 1 ) capUf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; mwpT Gwg;nghUspd; gpujpgpk;gkhfNth my;yJ Kd; mDgtj;jpd; njhlh;ghYz;lhd czh;r;rpahfNth $LtjhFk;. ,t;twpT gioa mEgtj;jhYz;lhd thridahy; epfo;tjhFk;. mJ fhl;rpAz;lhd NghJ Gwg;nghUshy; vOe;j kdg;gpk;gq;fspd; MjhuNkahFk;@ my;yJ fdtpYk; fw;gidapYk; epidtpYk; Neh;tJ Nghy third taj;jhy; epfo;tjhFk;. Gwg;nghUshy; NehpLk; kdg;gjpT> muf;fpy; nghwpf;fg;gLk; Kj;jpiu Nghd;wjd;W Rj;jkhd fz;zhbapy; gjpAk; cUtk; Nghd;wjhFk;. fz;zhb ctik Fwpj;jJ. jdJ jdpj;jd;ikAk; Rj;jKk; ePq;fhJ kdk; gpk;gj;NjhL xd;wha; tpsq;Fe; jd;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;Nfahk;. fz;zhbf;Fk; kdj;jpw;FKs;s NtWghL fz;zhb cUtj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fj; jd;ikg; gpufhrpg;gpf;Fk; xU Gwnthspia ehbapUf;fpwJ. xU fz;zhb ,Ul;by; cUtj;ijf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. MapDk; kdk; Rak;gpufhrkhdJ. Gwnthspapd; Jizapd;wpj; jhNd cUt epoy;fspd; gjpitg; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwahf kdj;jpd; Kjy;epiy Rak;gpufhrkhapUj;jyhFk;. mJ gy cUt epoy;fisg; gjpT ngw;Wj; jd;idnahj;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fr; nra;fpwJ. ,e;jf; $W ‘gpufhrk;’ vd;W ngah; ngWk;.

( 2 ) ,iwaDgtj;jpYs;s kiwNghyj; jd;idj;jhd; Rj;j epiyapy; mwptJ ,uz;lhtJ $whFk;. jd;idj;jhf;fpatw;iwg; gphpj;Jk; xw;Wikg;gLj;jpAk; Muha;e;J mwpAk; Rje;juKilaJ. ,e;jTzh;Tfisnay;yhk; third kakha; itj;jpUf;Fk; epidT $l;Lk;NghJ Kd;dh;r; Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;jjid epidtpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUtJ Nghyg; gioa epidTfspypUe;J ahjhDnkhd;iw ,r;rpj;j tifahf kPz;Lk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. fw;gidf; fhyj;Nj kpfTk; Gjpa nghUisg; gilg;gJ Nghyg; GJik tha;e;jjidj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,e;jg; gFjpia tpkh;rk; vd;gh;. ,J kdpj kdj;jpd; FzkhFk;.

,t;thW kdk; Rak;gpufhrKk; jd;dwpTk; cilaJ. Jizapd;wpj; jhNd gpufhrpf;Fk;. jhd; mt;thW gpufhrpg;gij czUk;> ,jdhy; jdp capuwpTk; nghJg; NguwpTk; mNgjkhFk;. vdNt guk;nghUs; RaQ;NrhjpAk;> Kw;wwpTk; cilajhFk;.

tpkh;rk; Nkw;nfhz;likahy; irth;> guk;nghUspd; Fzkhf Kw;wwpit Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. ,JNt mj;Jtpj Ntjhe;jj;jpw;Fk; irth;fl;Fk; guk;nghUs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fspYs;s NtWghL> mj;Jtpj Ntjhe;jpfs; guk;gpukk; rhe;jkhAk; nray; mw;wjhAk; cs;sJ vd;gh;. mJ epiyAs;sJ@ mirtw;wJ. RaQ;NrhjpahdJ. Mdhy; jd;dwpTilajd;W. mwpTiladnty;yhk; nraYiladthFk;. jd;dwpTilikAk; nraYilikahFk;. vdNt gpukj;jpd; rhe;jKk; KO mikjpAk; tpfhukiljyhFk;. gpukk; epUtpfw;gkhaJ. ,d;d jd;ikaJ vd;W nrhy;nyhzhjJ. jd;dwpTilikia Nkw;nfhz;lhy; ,d;d jd;ikanjd;W Fwpg;gpl KbAkhjyhy; mj;Jtpjpfs; gpukj;ijr; RaQ;Nrhjp my;yJ rpd;kh;jpukhff; Fwpf;fpd;wdh;.

irth;fs; guk;nghUisr; RaQ;NrhjpahfTk; Kw;wwptHak; cWjp nra;J mJ ,d;d jd;ikaJ vd;W nrhy;nyhzhjJ vd;W tiuaWf;f KbahjJ vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wdh. mth;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;.

,d;d jd;ikaJ vd;Nwh tiuaiwf;F cl;gLtJ vd;Nwh Fwpg;gJ Kjyhtjhf> gy fhl;rpfis xUtd; xd;WgL:j;JtJ Nghyg; gy nghUs;fis xUikg;gLj;Jtjhk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> fz;l nghUs;fis ,J> ,Jtd;W> vd;Wk; Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jp czh;jy;> %d;whtjhfg; gytiff; fpsh;njOk; czh;r;rp tpsf;fq;fSs; xd;iw cz;ik vd;W Vw;W kw;witfis kWj;jy; ,t;thW ,d;d jd;ikaJ vd;W cWjp nra;jy;> gy nghUSzh;Tfis xw;Wikg;gLj;JtjhYk;> my;yJ Ntw;Wikg;gLj;JtjhYk; epfo;tjhFk;. Mjyhy; gy nghUSzh;r;rpfs; ,d;wp ,d;d jd;ikj; njd;W cWjp nra;jy; ,ayhJ. Gyd; fle;j Kw;wwpTg; nghUspy; caphpdplj;jpdpd;Wk; Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jtnjhd;Wkpy;iy. ,y;nghUspdpd;Wk; cs;nghUs; mwpT ,ayhjJ@ tiuaiwngw;w mwpaj;jf;f mwpTNghyg; Ngrf;$bajd;W.

NguwpT cilaJ jd;dplj;jpdpd;Wk; xt;nthd;iwAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,J KOtJk; nraYilajhFk;. nrayw;wjd;W. ,jdJ ,r;ir Mw;wy; cUtq;nfhs;Sjy; rpWik tha;e;j mwptpy;yhg; nghUSk; mwpTilag; nghUSkha cyfj;jpd; Njhw;wkhFk;. Gyd;fle;j epiyapy; mJ jd;dwpthfpa ,r;irNaahFk;@ ,JNt nraYhpikAk; fUj;JhpikAk; MFk;. Ntnwhd;Wk; md;W. ghpaha nkhopapy; ,ij kNfRud; vd;gh;.

fh\;kPu irtj;ij mwpfpd;w Kiwapy; ,aw;ifapd; Kiw moF> cUt mikg;Gf;fspdpd;W Kjw; fhuzk; flTs; kNfRtud; vd;w fUj;jhy; Fog;gk; milahjpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ nghJg; Nguwpit ,iw ,r;iraha; ,aw;ifapd; Kiwapy; cs;sJ vd Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. cyfk; mjd; Gwj;NjAs;s rpw;gpahfpa flTshy; Mf;fg;gl;l Kbe;j gaDUthaJ md;W Mdhy; ,aw;ifapd; nraNy Nguwptpd; nrayhFk;.

,r;rhthjk;:

fh\;kPu irt Kiwg;gb Gyd; fle;j Ez;nghUshuha;r;rpahy; tpsq;FtJ nghJg; NguwpNt> Rje;jpu ,r;irahFk;. ,t;tpr;ir> Nkw; Fwpj;j tpkh;rj;ij nahj;jJ. MapDk; xU NtWghL cz;L. capUf;fk; Gwg;nghUSf;Fk; Kuz;ghL rpkh;rk; nfhs;tjpy;iy. nraYhpik (Rje;jpu> ,r;ir) mk;Kuz;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. Gwg;nghUNshL njhlh;Gila nraYhpik ,r;ir> Nguwptpd; ,r;irahFk;. mJ Rl;bawpag;gLtjd;W. rpwe;j rpj;jpuk; tiujw;F tpUg;gKz;lhdNghJ rpj;jpuk; vOJNthd; cs;sj;Nj Njhd;Wfpw rpj;jpuk;Nghy; tpsq;Ftjhk;. mikjpAs;s ePhpy; miyfs; vOtjw;F Kd; fhuzkhfhj xU fyf;fk; cz;lhtJ Nghy; tpsq;Fk; clw; fUtpapy; fhzg;gLk; mirtpw;F Kd; Njhd;Wk; cs; Jhz;Ljy; Nghy; tpsq;Fk; Nguwptpd; ,e;jf; $W mjidnahj;j Gwg;nghUSf;F fhuzkhFk;. mJ ntWk; rj;jpad;W Mdhy; jd;dwpthfpa rf;jpNa ,aw;ifapd; ntWQ; rf;jpaha;g; ghpzkpf;fpwJ. mJ nghUspd; kPJk; rhh;e;jpUg;gjd;W. cz;ikapy; mjidr; rhuhJ epw;Fk; Gwg; nghUnshd;Wk; ,y;iy. tpfhukiltJ NghypUg;gpDk; tpfhukpy;yhjJ. Njr fhy vy;iyfisf; fle;jJ. mitfs; mjDila Njhw;wq;fNs. mJ fhuz fhhpaj; njhlh;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ. fhuz fhhpaf;nfhs;if mEgtj;jpYs;sJ@ fw;gidad;W Nguwptpid cUtfg;gLj;jpdhy; Rje;ju ,r;irNa ahFk;.

Rje;jphpathjk;> Rje;ju ,r;irNghy> guk;nghUs; jd;dplj;jpdpd;Wk;> jd;dplj;jpYk;> jd;dhYk;> vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vd;gjid Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. cyfhEgtq;fSf;Fhpad nty;yhk; xUikg;gl;ljhapDk;> gy;tifg;gl;ljhapDk;> gy;tifAs; xw;Wikg;gl;ljhapDk;> caph;g; nghUshapDk;> Gwg;nghUshapDk;> ,t;tpuz;Lk; rk;ge;jKilajhapDk; Rje;jpu ,r;irapd; Njhw;wq;fNsahFk;. ,JNt vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; ,Wjp cz;ikg; nghUshk;.

irt ,r;rhthjk; N\hgdhh; (Schopehnuer) ,r;rhthjj;ij xj;Js;sJ.

1.   ahnjhd;W mWgt thapyhf mwpag;gLtNjh mJNt nghUshFk;. fhz;l; vd;gtiug;Nghy caph;> Gwg;nghUis mEgt thapyhf mwpa ty;ynjd;gjid Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. mt;thW mwptJ mJ mjdplj;jpNyNa ,Uf;Fk; epiyia md;W. Mdhy; mJ Njr fhy vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l epiyapNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2.   mg;nghUNs ,r;ir tbtkhFk;. mJ jd;dpr;irahd nraypYk; vOr;rpapYk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. Mh;tk; kpf;f vOr;rpfspy; Rje;jphpa epiy ekf;F mEgtkhjiy Nkw;nfhs;SfpwJ. mj;jifa vOr;rpfspy; Gwg;nghUl; rhh;Tfs; kiwe;J tpLfpd;wd.

3.   clw;nraYk; KOTlYk; ,r;rh rf;jpapd; tbtq;fshFk;. nray; ,r;irapd; ghpzhkNk vd;w fUj;JilaJ. Nahfpapd; ,r;ir Gwg;nghUs;fSf;F NtwhfNt nghUs;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

4.   ,r;rhrf;jpNa xt;nthU nghUspd; cs; epd;w ,aw;ifahFk;. xt;nthU mWgtj;jpDk; Kf;fpag; gFjpahFk;.

5.   jj;Jt Qhdnkd;gJ cz;ikiaj; njspTgLj;JtNjahFk;. cyfk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;NjahFk;. mt;twpNt rpe;jidahAk; Gyd; fle;jjhAs;s Rj;jtwpthFk;. irt Kiwg;gb ,g;gpwg;gpNyNa ngWk; IPtd; Kj;jp vd;gJ ,e;j KOTyfKk; vd;Dila ghpzhkNk vd;w njspT ngw mWgtpg;gijj; jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.

MapDk; ,J N\hgdhh; ,r;rh thj;jpdpd;Wk; NtWgLfpwJ. mth; ,r;rh rf;jpia mwptw;wJ vd;gh;. mth; Gj;jpapdpd;Wk; ,r;rh rf;jpiag; gphpT nra;Jsh;. Gj;jp %isapd; njhopyhff; nfhs;sg;gLtJ. mth; ,r;rhrf;jpia ,aw;ifNahL xj;jjhf Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. mjdhy; mJ Gj;jpf;F Ntwhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wnjd;gJ mth; fUj;J mth; jd; mDgtj;jhy; NtW rpy rhj;jpuq;fspy; ngwg;gl;l vz;zq;fNshL xj;j tifahf epWt ,t;tpr;rh rj;jpf;Fj; jdp epiy Fwpj;jhh;. NkYk; mth; Rj;j caphpd; mwpT> Gwg;nghUspd; njhlh;gpd;wp ,Uj;jypayhnjd;W fhz;l; vd;gtUila nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lth;. kw;Wk; mth; nfhs;if n`fy; vd;gth; nfhs;iff;F khWgl;L tsh;e;jJ.

fh\;kPu irtk; Nahfpfs; ghy; tshr;rpAw;wJ. mth;fl;Fj; jd;dwpT> Gwg;nghUSf;F Ntwhf cs;sJ> vd;gJ Iakw;w mEgtk;. mjdhy; fh\;kPu irtk; jd;dwptpdpd;Wk; ,r;rh rf;jpiag; gphpf;ftpy;iy. ,J ,r;iria kdj;jpd; $whff; nfhs;SfpwJ. ,f;fUj;J ekJ ,r;rhDgtj;ij xj;Js;sJ.

Mghrthjk;:

guk;nghUs; nfhs;if fhuzkhfg; Gyd; fle;j Ez;nghUl; nfhs;ifiar; Rje;jphpa thjk; vd;W $wpaJ Nghyg; gytifj; Njhw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf Mghrthjf; nfhs;if nad;W toq;fpdh;. ed;whf tsh;e;Js;s kapypd; epwq;fs; midj;Jk; kapyz;lj;jpy; tpsq;FtJ Nghyg; guk; nghUspy; gy;tifg; nghUSk; xw;Wikg;gl;L tpsq;Ftd. ,e;j cz;ikia kA+u mz;lur epahak; vd;gh;.

guk;nghUspdpd;Wk; Njhd;WtJ vy;yhk; Mghrk;> Njhw;wk; my;yJ ghpzhkk; vd;gh;. ghpzhkk;Mjyhy; m/J xUtif tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhf mit fhzg;gLtd. mit me;jf;fuzk;> Gwf;fuzq;fshy; mwpaj;jf;f nghUs;shFk;.NgUwf;fj;jpYk; nka;k;kwe;j epiyapYk; fhzg;gLtdNghy; me;jf; fuzk; Gwf;fuzq;fSk; Ntiyaw;wNghJ mwpag;gLk; nghUs;fSkhFk;. RUf;fkhff; $wpd; mit caph;> Gwg;nghUs;> Qhdrhjdk;> mwpT kw;Wk; nkhopahy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJk; ,Ug;gdTk; Mfpa vj;jifa nghUSkhFk;.

Mghrthjpfs; xt;nthU nghUSk; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l ghpzhkk; my;yJ Mghr Njhw;wk; vd;W fUJfpd;wdh;.capUk; Gwg;nghUs; Njhw;wnkd;gJ Nghyj; Njhw;wNkahFk;. ,t;tpuz;Lk; gd;ikAs; xUik tha;e;jJ. xUikia czh;jy; gd;ik czh;it Kd; czh;e;jikahyhfyhk;. jdpj;jdpaha; mwpag;gLk; nghUs;fnsy;yhk; xU nghJthd mbg;gilapd; kPJs;sikahy; xUikia mwpa KbfpwJ. fhz;ghd; Nehf;fq; fhuzkhfj; Njhw;wj;jpd; ve;jg; gFjp Kf;fpakhf tpsq;FfpwNjh me;jg; gFjpapd; ngauhy; mj;Njhw;wk; toq;fg;ngWfpwJ.

mt;thwhf Mghrthj Kiwg;gb mwpag;gl;l xt;nthU rhjhuzg; nghUSk; KOj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ. mjd; gFjpfs; fhz;NghdJ gFj;JzUk; Nehf;fk;  Nghf;F mwpAkhw;wy; Kjypatw;wpw;Fj; jf;fthW NtWgLfpd;wd.vLj;jf;fhl;lhf xU nghUshff; fhs;sg;gbDk; NtW NtW Nehf;fq;fs; nfhz;L Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; $Wk; nkhopfspd; nghUSf;F ,yf;fhfg; gy Mghrq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. nghJ epiyapy; fhz;NghDf;F mjd; tl;lj;jd;ik> mjd; nghUl;ld;ik> Gwj;jd;ik> fUik> ,Ug;G Kjypadtha; Mghrq;fspd; Nrh;f;if tpsq;Fk;. MapDk; ngsjpf rhj;jpu ty;YeUf;F mZf;fs; kps;sZf;fs; Nrh;f;ifahf tpsq;Fk;.

Mghrthjpfs; mwpjw;fike;j nghUs; gy Mghrq;fspd; cUtikg;ghFk; vd;gh;. xt;nthU Mghrj;ijAzu mwptpd; jdpj; jdpj; njhopy; Ntz;bajhFk;. mt;thwhfpa jdpj; jdpg; gFjp Xh; Mghrkhk;. mJ ahtUk; xg;gjha; mwpjw;F mike;j nraypd; kpf;f njhiythd vy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gJ.

capUq;$l mj;jifa Njhw;wNk> vy;iyg;gLj;Jfpd;w fuzq;fs; my;yJ mwpT> nray;fspd; Kiwfs;> fhyk;> Nehf;fk;> Nghf;F Gj;jp> cly;> gpuhzd; mwpT Kjypaitfshy; mJ Mf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; vJTk; mjDila epue;juf; $wd;W mjd; gFjpfs; jdpj;jdp mEgtj;jpy; NtWgLtd. Mzt kyj;NjhL xd;Wgl;L epd;w mwpthFk;. caph;> tho;f;iff; Fog;gj;jpy; epiyj;J epw;Fk; nghUshFk;.

mwpnray; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; 1. Kjy;> 2. Jiz> Kjw; nrayhtJ jdp Mghrj;jpd; gpk;gj;ijg; ngWjYk;> cldhf vOfpw vjph;r; nraYkhFk;. mq;qdk; KjywpTf;F mike;j nghUis tpahfuzh; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; vd;gh;. mjdhy; Njrfhy tiuaiwia ePq;fp epw;gjhFk;. jdpj;jdp mwpag;gl;l gy Mghrq;fis xw;Wikg;gLj;JtJ Jiz mwpTr; nrayhk;. mJ xU Njhw;wj;ij cz;lhf;Ftjw;F fhuzkhFk;.

Mghrthj Kiwg;gb Rit mEgtk;:

Mghr thjpfs; Xh; Mghrk; vd;gJ ahtuhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;l nghJf; fUj;jhFk; vd;gh;. Njr fhyq;fNshL nghUe;Jfpd;wNghJ fhz;gtd; fhhpa Nehf;fq; fhuzkhf mJ xU $whf tpsq;FfpwJ. Mjyhy; mwpgtd; jd; fhhpa Nehf;fe; jtph;e;jpUg;ghdhapd;  mtdJ mwpnray; Kjy; epiyapy; KbfpwJ. Njrfhy fl;lg;gLfNshL mwpe;jjidj; njhlh;GgLj;j KbahJ. mt;thW Rit Efh;tpw;F tUk; nghUs; nghJg; nghUshFk;. mJ Rit Efh;Nthd; mwptpy; tpsq;FtjhFk;. mjid mtd; gw;wpd;wp Nehf;Ffpd;whd;.

Mghrthjpfs; caph; gy epiyj;j cWg;Gfis cilajy;yntd;Wk;> mjd; cWg;Gfs; jdpj;jdp mEgt Kiwf; Nfw;wthW NtWgLtdntd;Wk; nfhs;th;. Rit Efh; cilahd; Rit> RitfhZk; jd;ik> fhZk; Mw;wy;> rpj;jpf;Fk; jd;ik> fhZk; nghUNshL xd;Wgl;L mjpy; MFk; Kjypa cWg;Gfshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;shd; vd;gh;.

Rit Efh;T Nehf;fk;> Rit fiyg;gw;W ,itfshy; cWjp nra;ag;gLtJ Rit mEgtj;jpy; m/J capUf;F Kf;fpa gFjpahFk;. mJ cyfpy; gad; fUjpr; nra;ag;gLk; Kaw;rpapd;ikahy; nraypy; khWgLfpwJ. mofpa fhl;rpAk; xypAkhd nka;k;ik cyfpy; mJ rpyfhyNk tho;tij vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wJ. Rit jUk; nghUisr; Rit Efh;Nthd; rpe;jpf;Fk; NghJ> jd;ik kwe;J tpLfpwhd;. fhzg;gLk; nghUspd; cl;nghUSld; xd;WgLk; eiyiaj; jhdhf milAkhW mJ nra;fpd;wJ.

,t;thwhfr; Rit Efh;Tf;Fhpa nghUs; ehlfj; Njhw;wkhk;NghJ ,t;nthUikg;ghL ehlff; fhl;rpapd; Rit jU gFjpahfNt fhz;Nghd; khwptpLtNjahFk;. epfo;r;rpfs; ehlfj; jiytid ,af;FtJ Nghy ,tidAk; fhz;NghidAk; ,af;Ffpd;wd.mtd; Rit mwpT cl;fhl;rp Kjypa Mw;wy;fshy; fhZk; nghUisj; jdf;Fj; njhpahj cl;gjpTfspy; Ntz;batw;NwhL Nrh;j;Jk; Kiwg;gLj;jp cUtk; ngwr; nra;J> fw;gid cyifg; gilf;fpwhd;. ,q;Fr; Rit Efh;T Mw;wy; njhopw;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fhpa gaDz;lhfp> mg;gadha; czh;r;rp epiy $LfpwJ.

czh;ntOr;rp epiyapdpd;Wk; Rit Efh;Nthd; jd;idj; Jha;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; epiyf;F caUfpwhd;. mgpetFg;jh; ,j;jifa mEgt epiyia tpsf;Fjw;Fj; J\;ae;jdhfpa murd; Xbr; nry;Yk; khidj; Juj;jpg; gpd; nry;tijf; fhspjhrh; tpsf;fpajid vLj;Jf;fhl;b khR NghFk; epiyia tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

Rit Efh;Tilahd; fhl;rpapy; gaj;jpy; Mo;e;j khd;> ,lj;njhlh;G fhyj;njhlh;G mw;wJ. mjdhy; jdpj;jd;ikapdpd;Wk; ePq;fpaJ. ,e;j epiyiag; gag;gl;l epiynad;g. ,e;epiyf;F xU fhuzk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;Fg; nghUs;> njhlh;gw;w gak; vd;w epiyf;F khWgLfpwJ. nghJ cz;ikahf tpsq;Fk; ,g;gak; jdpj;jd;ikf; $Wfs; mw;Wf; fhz;Nghd; mwptpy; Njhd;WtjhFk;. mt;thW Njhd;Wk; gak; mtd; kdj;jpw; GFe;J jhf;fp epw;gNjhL mtd; fz;Kd; khd; Fjpg;gJ Nghy tpsq;Fk;. ,t;thwhfj; Jha;ikg;gLj;Jk; Rit Efh;Tilahd; mDgtj;jpy; tpsq;FtJjhd; Rit Efh;tpd; nghUl;ld;ik.

cz;ikepiy Muha;r;rpf;Fg; gl;lh; ehaf; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopapd; ,Utifr; rj;jpfis Mghrthjpahfpa mgpetFg;jh; kWj;Js;sdh;. Mghrthj Kiwapy; Jha;ikg;gLj;Jk; epiyia mth; tphpj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

n`fy; vd;Dk; Nkiyehl;Lj; jj;Jtf; fiyQUf;Fk; Jha;ikg;gLj;JK; epiyf;fUj;JKz;L. fhz;ghdplKs;s gak; Jd;gj;jhyhtJ mj;Jd;gj;jpdplKs;s gaj;ijNa Jha;ik nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth; fUj;J. jd; Kidg;Gj; jd;ik ePq;Ftjhy; gak; vd;w epiy ePq;fpj; Jha;ik cz;lhfpwJ. Jd;gpay; ehlfk; gpionra;jtidj; jz;iidf;Fl;gLj;jyhy; mj;jz;lid Kd; jdpj;jd;ikiag; Nghf;fpg; nghJj; jd;ikiaj; je;J Jha;ik nra;tjhFk;. Mjyhy; cz;ikapd; td;ikAk;> ePjp Kiwapd; nja;tj;jd;ikAk;> jPikf;F jPik tpisf;Fk; jd;ikAk; tpsf;fkhfpd;wd. Mdhy; mgpetFg;jh; gaj;Jha;ik nra;tJ gaj;ijNa vd;gh;. mJ tpsq;Ffpd;w KiwapypUe;J fiyg;gz;Gld; fhl;lg;ngWtjhy; mjd; nghUs; njhlh;G mwpfpd;wJ. Mjyhy; Jha;ik ngWfpwJ.

mth; Rit Efh;r;rpapd; ,Wjpepiy Mde;j epiyahf khl;lhJ vd;W tpsf;Ffpwhh;. me;j Mde;j epiy rj;JtFzj;jpd; kpFjpg;ghL vd;gJ gl;lh; ehaf; vd;gtuJ fUj;J. mJ Ntjhe;j Kiwia xj;jJ. me;j epiyia tpkk;rh;> ];ge;jh> ];Guhl;lh my;yJ rkj;fhuk; vd;w epiyf;F xj;jnjd;W mgpetFg;jh; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

            ed;wp:- fPio Nkiy ehLfspy; nka;g;nghUspay;