njd;dhl;L irt Mfkq;fs;
KfTiu:
M + fk; = (,iwtdplkpUe;J) tUtJ Mfkk; jpUtUs; ,wf;fk;. Mfkk; vd;w nrhy; f3k; vd;w tpidabahfg; gpwe;jJ ‘M’ vd;w cgrh;f;fk; (Kd;ndhl;L Nrh;e;J ,wq;f) tUjy; vd;W nghUs; jUk;. (Neh;f;fhl;rpahy; ngw;w) %yf;fUj;jpy; Mfkk; mjpfhuj;Jld; tFf;fg;gl;l KjD}iyf;Fwpf;Fk;. ‘Kidtd; fz;lJ KjD}yhFk;’ NtjNkhL Mfkk; nka;ahk; ,iwtd; E}y; XJk; nghJTk; rpwg;G vd;W cd;Df (jpUke;jpuk;)
‘Ntjk; Mfkk; ,uz;Lf;Fk; NtW ghLfz;bNyk;’ vd ePyfz;l rpthr;rhhpahh; jk; gpuk#j;jpu rpthj;Jtpj irt ghbaj;jpy; $wpdhh;. “Ntj E}y; irt E}y; ,uz;L E}y;fs;” vd ,uz;bd; ,ay;igAk; kaf;fkpd;wpg; gphpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh; (rpj;jp:267) mUze;jp rpthr;rhupahh;. fypAfj;jpy; Ntjk; toq;fkhl;lhJ ,t;tOf;F cyfpYs; Ntjk; tpsq;fpNdhh; tho KbahJ; mth;fs; thuh; ,q;F gpwe;j gpd; Ntjf;fhl;rp epiy (ke;jpujpU~;lh) tpUj;jpaile;jhYk; ,q;F ,Uf;f Kbahky; Ngha; tpLth;fs; vd;gh; Md;Nwhh;. ‘Ml;ghyth;f;F mUSk; tz;zKk; Mjp khz;Gk; Nfl;ghd;Gfpy; mstpy;iy’ (rk;ge;jh;)
xt;nthU Md;khtpd; gf;Ftk; Nehf;fp mt;ttUf;Fj; jpUtUs; fhl;Lk; jdpj;jdp newpNa Mfknewp. ‘Mfkk; Mfp epd;W mz;zpg;ghd;’ Nghd;w gw;gy trdq;fs; Njhj;jpu E}y;fspy; tUfpd;wd.
MWKfehtyh; irt tpdh tpilapy; ‘Mfkj;jpd; kWngah;fs; je;jpuk;> ke;jpuk;> epfkk;’ vd;whh;. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L Nkdhl;L Ma;thsh; Mfkk; ey;y irt nka;apay; E}y;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;Wk;> je;jpuk; ,ufrpa (tpUk;gj;jfhj) fpupiafs;> gapw;rpfSld; $baJ vd;Wk; gpioahd fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhh;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ mf;fUj;J mUfp tUfpd;wJ.
(jh]; Fg;jhtpd; E}ypy; ,Ue;J)
je;jpuk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; gpwg;ig tpsf;fte;j jh];Fg;jh> irt mfkq;fs; my;yJ rpj;jhe;jk; kNfRtuuhy; (tlnkhopapy;) Mf;fg;gl;lit vd;gh;. Mdhy; rptjUNkhj;juj;jpy; ,it tlnkhop> gpuhfpUjk;> gpuNjrnkhopfspYk; vOjg;gl;ld vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“rk;];fpUij: g;uhfpUijh; a];r rp~;ahE&g;j:\
Njr gh4~hj;3 Aghia];r Ngh3j4Naj; ]FU:
,jdhy; Mfkq;fs; tlnkhopapYk; rpy njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfspYk; (jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;) ngwf; $bajhapUe;jd vd;W fUj ,lk; cz;L. jh];Fg;jh rpj;jhe;jk; Kjypy; jkpopyh> tlnkhopapyh vOjg;gl;lJ vd;w thjj;ijr; Rl;bfhl;b> irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;F %y ce;Jjy; tlnkhop Mfkq;fs; vd Kbf;fpwhh;1. jkpo;r; rptQhd Nghjj;ij nka;fz;lhh; nusut mfkk; ghgtpNkhrdg; glyj;jpy; ,Ue;J nkhopngah;j;Jj; jkJ jkpo;r; #j;jpuq;fshf vOjpdhh; vdr; rptQhd Kdpth; gupae;Jk; vOjpte;jij kWj;j jkpo;g; gz;bjh;khh; $w;iwAk; jh];Fg;jh Vw;ftpy;iy.
kjq;f guNkRtu Mfkk;
,jd;gb irtrhj;jpuk; ~l;gjhh;j;jq;fisAk; (MWnghUl;fisAk;)> rJ~;ghjq;fisAk; (ehd;F ghjk;) tpsf;FtJ md;W. gilg;Gj; njhlf;fj;jpy; rjhrpth; xU Nfhb nra;Al;fshfr; nra;jhh;. mij mee;jh; xU yl;rk; fpue;jq;fshfr; (nra;As;) RUf;fpdhh;. mJ NkYk; RUf;fg;gl;L 3500 fpue;jk; (nra;As;) Mapw;W. ,q;F Fwpj;j MW nghUl;fs;: 1.gjp 2.rf;jp 3.jpupgh;th 4.gR 5.Nghjk; 6.ke;jpuk;. 1
rf;jpiaf; nfhz;Nl gjpAz;L vd ehk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. gjp> rf;jpia cilath;. mEkhdj;jpy; ehk; xU nghUs; cz;L vd;gij> mg;nghUspd; Fzj;jpypUe;Nj mwpfpd;Nwhk;; fhuzj;ij mjidj; Njhw;wptpj;j fhupaj;jpypUe;J mDkhdpf;fpd;Nwhk;. rpy rkak; fhupaj;ij mjd; fhuzj;jpypUe;J ngWfpd;Nwhk;. xU nghUspd; cz;ikia (,Ug;ig) Ntjj;jpw; $wg;gl;lgbahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,iwtdpd; cly; ke;jpukakhdJ>2 mjpypUe;J rf;jp ,wq;Ffpd;wJ. mJNt gpd;dh; cyfkhf tpUj;jpailfpd;wJ.1 rptd;> tpe;JtpDs; GFe;J mjid tpfrpg;gpj;J mjpypUe;J gy;NtWtif cyfq;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; Mfpwhh;. cyfpy; Ntw;Wik Njhd;wf; fhuzk; Md;khf;fspd; fh;kKk; FzKNk. rPthd;khf;fs; ghj;jpuk; vdpy;> fh;kk; cs;spUf;Fk; nghUs;.
rPthd;khf;fs; jj;jk; fh;kq;fs; (nrat;fSf;Fg;) nghWg;ghdit; mtw;wpd; ey;y> jPa tpisTfisg; Grpj;Nj (mEgtpj;Nj) MfNtz;Lk;. cyfpd; cw;gj;jp> jpjp> ehrk; %d;Wf;Fk; ,iwtd; fl;Lg;ghl;ljpfhup.
mbf;Fwpg;G
cyfpd; epkpj;jfhuzh; (Instrumental Cause) (elj;jp itg;gth; mtNu)> cyfpd; fhuzUk; mtNu. rf;jpfs; (Energies) rpw;rf;jp cyfpd; Kjw;fhuzk; 3.rkthapfhuzk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;Tyfk; khiaapdpd;Wk; cw;gj;jpahfpaJ #upadJ> my;yJ re;jpudJ fpuzq;fs; kyh;fis ,ay;ghf> jhNk> tpupar;nra;tJ Nghy rptd; cyifj; jkJ rd;dpjhdj;jpy; (proximity) njhw;Wtpf;fpwhh;> vt;tpj Kaw;rpAkpd;wp. (‘Iah eP Ml;nfhz;lUUk; tpisahl;L’ –jpUntk;ghit)
VO r`[ (rfr) kyq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: Nkhfk;> kjk;> (m)uhfk;> tp~hjk;> Nrh~k;> itrpj;jk;> `u;~k;> khiaapypUe;J fiyfs; njhd;Wk; mit khiaapd; JizAld; jk; nraw;ghl;il epfo;j;Jk;. ney; tpij jd;id %bAs;s ckpAld; $bNa Kisia ntspapLk;.
cyFf;F Clhf md;khf;fs; nrYj;jg;gLk; NghJ mit: cyfg;nghUl;fSld; ge;jg;gLfpd;wd;. ,j;njhlu;G thridahd (,d;g Jd;g) mDgtq;fSlDk; ,Wfg; gpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> ,J (m)uhfk; vdg;gLk;. ge;jq;fs; rkthak;> rkNtjk; vd;gd nghUshy; xd;Nw rptrj;jj;njhlu;G rkthaKw;W epw;Fk; nray rkNtjk;: xop tw epiwe;J epw;wy;. vy;yhNk Jd;gj;ij tpisf;Fk; (rpw;wpd;gq;fSk; Jd;gj;jpNyNa KbTWk;) MfNt Gyd; ,d;gq;fspy; gw;wpd;ikNa cz;ikahd kfpo;r;rpf;F topnra;Ak;.
fhyk;> epajp Mfpa jj;Jtq;fs; gw;wpg; gpw irt rpj;jhe;j E}y;fspw; NghyNt ,jpYk; tpsf;fk; cz;L.
khia ,iwtdplkpUe;J Njhd;Wk;; mtdJ Ez;zpa rf;jpapd; ntspg;ghlhk; khaapypUe;J gpujhdk; gupzkpf;Fk; ,J jdJ njhlf;f epiyapy; J}a cs;nghUs; my;yJ rj;jh (rj;jd;) Mk;. gpd;dh; gpw jj;Jtq;fs; mjpypUe;J gupzkpf;Fk;. mitNa Guldpd; mEgtj;Jf;F Ntz;batw;iwj; jUk;. gpufpUjpAk; GU~Dk; xd;Wf;F xd;W MjuthapUf;Fk;; ,jdhy; jj;Jtq;fSk; mDgtKk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
mfq;fhuk; Md;khtpDs; cl;nrwpe;J Gyd; (nghwp) fSf;$lhfg; gha;e;J (Infuse) mtw;wpd; nra;iffshfj; njhopw;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nghyj; jd;khj;jpiuf@lhfTk; mJ (mfq;fhuk;) Cwpg;gha;e;J nraw;gLfpd;wJ vdf; $wyhk;. xUikg;ghl;bd; ikar; nraw;ghl;il epfo;j;Jk; KO csk; rhh;e;j epiyia mfq;fhuk; Fwpf;fpwJ vdyhk;. kuq;fs;> nrbfspYk; mfq;fhuk; nrwpe;J> Mdhy; kiwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ.
jh];Fg;jh (1888-1954) jkJ ,e;jpa nka;apay; tuyhw;wpd; 5Mk; ghfj;ij vOjp Kbf;Fk; jWthapy;> 1954,y; fhykhdhh;. mtuJ kidtp mjid Kbj;J 1955y; ntspapl;lhh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; jh];Fg;jhTf;F tlnkhop Vl;Lg;gpujpfNs fpilj;jd. 1923 mstpy; NjtNfhl;il rpthfkrpj;jhe;j gupghyd rq;fk; ntspapl;l fpue;j – jkpo; Mfkq;fis mtuhy; thrpf;f Kbatpy;iy. rpj;jq;Nfzp mk;gythz ehtyh; ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahupd; ngs~;fu tpUj;jpia ntspapl;lhh;. jkpo; - fpue;jypgpapy; fhkpfhfkk; jpUr;rpapy; jpUthisf;fh rf;jpNah Ihjrpthr;rhupahuhy; rQ;rpiffshf ntspte;jJ. (1916-1918) njd;dpe;jpa mh;r;rfh; rq;fk; rpy Mfkq;fis (cjhuzk; fhkpfk; - 1985) ntspapl;lJ. mit Njtehfupapy; ,y;yhjgbahy; tl ,e;jpa> ntspAyf Ma;thsh;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;;iy. GJr;Nrhp ,e;NjhgpuQ;R epWtdk; Njtehfuj;jpy; gpnuQ;R nkhop ngah;g;Gld; ntspapl;l gy Mfkq;fs; mtUf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy. ey;yrhkpg; gps;isapd; “rpj;jhe;j jPgpfh” (rQ;rpif) fSk; Nghg;gpd (Mq;fpy) jpUthrfKNk mtUf;F cjtpd. mjdhy; mth; fUj;Jf;fs; KOikahdit my;y. 1962y; mtuJ njd;dhl;rpj; irtE}y; 2k; gjpg;G te;jJ. ,g;NghJ Rkhh; miu E}w;whz;Lf;Fs; Mfk Ma;Tfs; kpf Kd;NdwpAs;sd. mjpYk; rkPg 15 Mz;Lfs; mjpKf;fpakhdit. ,e;j cspapy; mth; fUj;ij ehk; kPsha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
GJr;Nrup gpnuQ;R epWtdk; rk];fpUj – gpnuQ;R nkhopfspy; kpUNfe;jpuk; fpupahghjk;> rupahghjj;jpd; xU gFjpia gl;lehuhaz fz;lupd; tpUj;jp ciuAld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. nusut Mfk; %d;W ghfkhf mNj epWtdj;jhy; 1961> 1972> 1988y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rptQhdNghj rq;fpuf gh~paj;ij (rpthf;fpuNahfp) nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofk;> 1992y; ntspapl;lJ. 1998y; nlhkpdpf; $lhypd; fpuz je;jpuk; (Mfkk;) 1> mj; 1-6 GJr;Nrupapy; ntspte;jJ. mtuJ guhf;fpia 2004y; te;jJ. mjpy; mth; jh];Fg;jhtpd; E}iy fLikahf tpkh;rpf;fpwhh;. jkJ E}ypy; (2004 gf;-14y;) $Wfpwhh;: ‘jkf;F fpilj;jitfshfpa 1.rptQhdNghjk; (gf;.24-21)> 2.kjq;fguNkRtu je;jpuk; (28-29) 3. ngs~;fuhfkk; (29-37) 4.thJshfkk; 5. thJsje;jpuk; (gf;.38-39) 7.jj;Jtg; gpufhrk; (159-172) Mfpatw;iwr; RUf;fpj; je;Js;shh;. vdpDk; xd;wpizj;Jf; fhl;LtjpNyh> gaDs;s tpsf;fq;fNsh Nrh;f;fhJ tpl;lhh;. xNu xU njhd;ikkpf;f irt rpj;jhe;j Mfkkhfpa kjq;fj;ij $l mth; cw;rhfkpd;wp> NkNyhl;lkhf ghh;itapl;lJ Nghy> tpsf;fhJtpl;lhh;. mtNu $Wfpwhh;.
NkYk; $ba tptukhd tUzidAld; Mfkq;fisg; gw;wp vOjyhk;;; Mdhy; mJ ntWk; fisg;Gj; jUk; $wpaJ $wyha;j; njupAk;. ngUk;ghyhd Mfkq;fs; xNu tplaj;ijj; jhd; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf; $Wfpd;wd xU eilapy;> xupU NtWghLfSld; ,e;j my;yJ me;j tplaj;ij tw;GWj;jp vOJfpd;wd. ngsj;jk;> i[dk;> rhq;fpak; Nghd;w gpw kj rpe;jidfs; gw;wp XupU kWg;Giufs; tUtJz;L. ,it kpff; Fiwe;j mstpdNt. ftdnkLf;fj;jf;fit. md;W5 mwpthuha;r;rp rpe;jidf;F ,itfspd; gq;fspg;G VJk; ,y;iy; gilf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fspypUe;J gilg;Nghid> gad;fisf;nfhz;L fhuzid (Agent, fh;j;jh) Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNj mq;F jug;gLgit.
,e;jr; #lhd tpkh;rdk; jh];Fg;jhtpd; rpW E}yhfpa (mtuJ 4 ghfq;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,t; ,Wjpg; ghfj;Jf;F nghUe;Jk; vdpDk;> xNu ,lj;jpy; irt> cgrkag; gpupTfisj; je;jJ mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU mwpKfg; gaid tpistpj;jJ vdyhk;.
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mbf;Fwpg;G
1.fh.Rg;gpukzpgps;is> ‘kNdhd;kzPak;’ Re;juk;gps;is topapy; (fhy;Lnry; ghijapy;) nrd;W tlnkhop> ghh;g;gd JNt~k; nfhz;lhh;. irt %yE}y;fs; (Ntjhfkq;fs;) fly; nfhz;l Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; Mjpj; jkpoh; ,Ue;j NghJ mth;fs; rka E}y; Ntjk;> jkpo; kiw tbtpy; ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk;> gpd; mope;jJ vd;Wk;> Mupah; ifgh; fztha; topNa te;j NghJ nfhzh;e;j tlnkhop Ntjk; gpd;dh; jkpo; ehl;by; ghh;g;gdh; %yk; gutpaJ vd;Wk; vOjpdhh;. fPh;j;jpj;jpU mftypy; “kd;D khkiy kNfe;jpuk; mjdpy; nrhd;d Mfkk; Njhw;W tpj;jUspAk;”
1. Vfd; mNefd;> ,Us;> fUkk;> khia ,uz;L
MWk; ,it MW Mjpapy; (jpUtUl;gad;)
vd;w tupfSf;F> ciu tpsf;fk; vOJk; NghJ> “rptjUNkhj;jpuk;” (Mfkk;) kNfe;jpuk; nghjpa kiyf;Fj; njw;Nf cs;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
2. nja;tq;fspd; cUtk; ke;jpuj;jhy; MfpaJ vd;gJ njhd;W njhl;L tUk; ek;gpf;if (ngsjpf – rl –cly; md;W)
3. Kjy;td; cyfpw;F epkpj;jfhuzd;
Kjy;td; cyFf;F Kjw;fhuzd; my;yd;
khiaNa Kjw; fhuzk;. rkthak;> rkNtjk; vd;gd nghUshy; xd;Nw rptrj;jpj; njhlu;G rkthak;; rkthaKw;W epw;Fk; nray; rkNtjk; _ xop tw epiwj;J epw;wy;.
4. cghfkq;fSs; xd;W. jkpopy; 1tJ gukjUkhjp ,ay; Kjy; 12tJ NfhGu ,ay; tiu nra;Aspy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
5. ,it rhjfh;fSf;F topfhl;l te;jit. rhjd newpapy; re;jpf;ff;$ba gs;sq;fisj; jtph;g;gjw;fhfj; jug;gl;ldNt md;wp> tpthj Nehf;fpy; (tha;thj nehahsUf;F) vOjg;gltpy;iy vd;W ngh.if> rp.f $Wth;. mjdhnyNa jhd; Fg;jh vjph;ghh;f;Fk; rq;fu> ghl;l> gpughfu tupirapy; khngUk; nka;apay; thj E}y;fshf ,it kyh;r;rpAwtpy;iy.
guhf;2a je;jpuk;
2006 gjpg;ghrpupah; KfTiu
guhf;fpa je;jpuj;jpd; RNyhf miu mbia glyk; 6 (nra;As; 14 ab)
“=kj; guhf;2NaG+h;t th;z[ ]k;];fhu Af;Njh s h;Ndh sgp4jh4af:\
mNfhurpthrhupahh; jkJ ehjfhupdf tpUj;jpapy; fhl;Lfpwhh;. (12.146 – 190) mjpy; ,uhkfz;lhpd; nfhs;ifahd (thf;F. (Ngr;R) midj;ijAk; tpsf;f cjTfpd;w) kpf Ez;zpa ehjk; vd;gJ irt rpj;jhe;j E}y; kuGf;F xt;thjJ vd mNfhurpth; fUj;J ntspapl;lhh;.
ik#h; ifnaOj;Jr; Rtbf; $lj;jpy; ,uhkfz;lupd; fpuztpUj;jpiaj; NjbaNghJ> mjw;F mz;kpj;j fpuz Mfkj;ijf; fz;Nld;. mj;Jld; guhf;fpiaAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gioa ngaUld; vOjp itj;j gy je;jpuq;fSs; ,JTk; xd;W NghYk;;: ,ijg; Nghy> GJr;Nrup epWtdj;jpy; gw;gy cs vdf; ftdk; vlhJ tpl;Nld;. NtW ,lq;fspy; guhf;fpia vOjp itj;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gjhy; Mb> 1994 ,y; ik#h; nrd;W MuhayhNdd;. mJ gioaJ> J}anka;apay; rhh;e;j (fphpahguky;yhj) Mfkk; vdf;fz;L kfpo;e;Njd; Vnddpy;> mjpy; jhd; NÑkuh[h; jkJ ];th;r;e;je;jp + cj;Nahj ciu E}ypy; fhl;ba ngUksT RNyhfq;fs; cs.
GJr;Nrup ,e;Njh gpnuQ;R epWtdk; Kd;dh; gy mfkq;fis gpnuQ;R – rk];fpUj nkhopfspy; ntspapl;lJ. Mdhy; 2004y; mJ ntspapl;l cghfkkhfpa guhf;fpa je;jpuk; tlnkhopapy; 101 gf;fKk;> mjd; Mq;fpy nkhopngah;g;G 268 gf;fKk;> KfTiu tpsf;f Fwpg;Gf;fs; 135 ck; cs;slf;fpa ngUE}y;. irt Mfk Ma;thsUf;Fg; ngUtpUe;jhFk;. fyhepjp T.fNzrd; vd;w FUf;fs; FLk;gj;J ,isQupd; cjtpahy; Ke;jpa Ma;thsh; Nghyj; jkpo;> fpue;j E}y;fisg; ghuhj Fiw nlhkpdpf; Flhy; (Dominic Goodall) vd;w ,e;j Ma;thsupd; mU Kaw;rpapy; ,y;iy vd;gJ kfpo;r;rpf;FupaJ.
,jpy; fhZk; Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs; tUkhW: Kjy; 5 RNyhfq;fs; E}ypd; tpla mikg;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wd. gpuNjhj vd;gth; fq;iff; fiuapNy cs;s Mrpukj;jpy; trpj;j NkNyhuhfpa gpufhriu tzq;fp tpz;zg;gpj;jhh;.
‘ngupNaha;> ge;jj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw cjTk; Nghjidia vdf;F mspg;gPuhf’
gpufhrh; rptid tzq;fpg; gpd;tUk; njspthd Nghjidia mUspr; nra;jhh;. ,g;Nghjid Md;k Neha;f;F rptd; vd;Dk; epyj;jpy; nropj;j %ypif kUe;jhFk;. fdpe;j ,J kfpo;r;rp jUtJ: ,dpaJ: gu (Nkyhd)jk; njhd;ikahdJkhd ,g;Nghjid gRtpd; ghrj;jisfis ntl;btpLk;: Kf;jpia mspf;Fk;. ,e;E}ypy; Ie;J gjhh;j;jq;fs; (tplaq;fs;) epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. 1.fl;Lz;l gR 2. <];tud; 3.tpj;ij (J}a mwpT) 4.Nahdp (fU) 5.Kf;jp me;j fh;kf; fl;Lfshy; (gotpid) NeUk; (,d;g Jd;g) mEgtq;fs; gw;wpa tpthj tpsf;fq;fs; tUkplq;fspy; gRj;JtNjh~k; (fl;Lz;l FiwghL) jhd; fhuzk;.
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ehtyh; jkJ irt tpdh tpilapy; Mfkj;jpd; kWngah;fs; je;jpuk;> ke;jpuk;> rpj;jhe;jk; vd %d;iwj; jUfpwhh;. mijg; gbj;j mbg;gilAs;sth;fs; Nkdhl;L Kiwapy; Mfkk; itjpf (Ntj) rhh;Gilait: je;jpuk; mitjpfkhdit vd;w uPjpapy; Iak; cWtJ fpilahJ. irt E}y;fspy; Mfkk; 28: mtw;wpd; top E}yhfpa cghfkk; 207 vd tUk;.
rptQhd rpj;jpahUf;F ciu vOjpa kiwQhd rk;ge;jh; jkJ ciuapd; xt;nthU mjpfuz ,WjpapYk; rkkhd fUj;Jf;fs; tUk; Mfk> cghfkq;fisf; fhl;bAs;shh;. rpy fh~;kPuirtk; njhlh;ghd fl;Liufspy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> xU Ntis jkpo; irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpu E}y;fSf;F khWgl;lditNah vd;W ek;ikr; rpe;jpf;f itj;jd. Mdhy; rfyhfkgz;bjupd; top E}Yf;F ciu vOjpath; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; NghJ> ehk; Jzpe;J cs;Ns GFe;J Ma;T nra;ayhk;.
guhf;fpa je;jpu RUf;fk;
Kd;Diu. RNyhfk; 1-5 ,e;E}y; $Wk; tpla ml;ltiz
1k; glyk; - gR ,yf;fzk;. gpwkjq;fis –ngsj;jh;> mj;itj (Vfhj;k) thjpfs; - fz;bj;jy;
2k;> 3k; glyq;fs; - gjp ,yf;fzk;. cah;e;j tpj;jpah jj;Jt Gtdq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
4k;> 5k; glyq;fs; - khiaapd; gupzhkk;. mtw;wpYs;s Gtdq;fs;
6k; glyk; - ehjk; gw;wpa tpupthd tpsf;fk;
7k; - 13k; tiu glyq;fs; - ,q;F Nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy. (fpupia tpsf;fj; njhlh;ghdit ,Ug;gjhy;)
14k; glyk; - Nahfk; gw;wpaJ
15k; glyk; - ehd;F rhjdq;fs;: Qhdk;> fpupia> rupia> Nahfk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
guhf;fpia ,e;ehd;F ngaUs;s glyq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lNjh njupahJ. ,Wjpr; nra;As; ve;jg; ghjj;Jf;F cupaJ vd;W $wtpy;iy. ,Wjp mj;jpahak; ,e;ehd;fpDs; vjpYk; rhpahfg; nghUe;jhJ. Mdhy; 6k; glyj;J 81k; nra;As;
]k;g;uj;Na~. tprhh;Naj. Kf;j;ah`;Nth s h;j;j2gNj3h s fp2y:
];ke;j;utp~ak;irt th;zap~;Na j;upahj;ukfk;.
Kf;jp vd;w ,e;j tplak; KOjhf tprhupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. (,g;nghOJ) ehd; fpupah fpukq;fis (fpupah fpukq;fis (fpupis xOq;FfisAk;) ke;jpu tplaq;fisAk; Nrh;j;J vLj;Jf; $WNtd;. (tlnkhopapy; s= mtf;fpufk; ‘m’ kiwe;jpUg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;)
guhf;a Mrpupah; ghjk; vd;w nrhy; E}ypd; gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk;> jdpNa irt ehw;ghjq;fis kl;Lk; Fwpf;fhJ vd;w tplaj;ij mwpe;jpUe;jhh; vd;Nw fUjyhk;.
n`yd; G&dh; jkJ 1992y; [dhfp epidT kyupy; vOjpa irt Mfkq;fspy; tUk; ehd;F ghjq;fs; fl;Liuapy; (gf;.56-72) $WtJ Nghy Mfkq;fspy; ,e;ehd;F ghjq;fs; (irt rhjd4 ghjg; ngaUld;) mj;jpahag; ngau;fshf tUtJ gioaJk; md;W: nghJ tpjpAk; md;W. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fiyr; nrhw;gpuNahfk; guhf;fpa> fpuz (1.113) Mfkq;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp gpw rpj;jhe;j je;jpuq;fspYk; Nghy> gioaJ vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.
gjpg;ghrpupah; ghl Ngjq;fis mtjhdpf;Fk; El;gj;ij ,q;F fhzyhk;. ‘Kf;j;`;Nth5h;(j;)j2gNj3h5fp2y:’ vd;gJ ehd;F nghUis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy; fh;j;jhf;fs; kpf mUikahfNt ahg;G ,yf;fz tpjpfis kPWth;. ik#h; gpujpapy; ‘Kf;j;ah`;t: gjhh;j;Njh fp2y: vd;wpUg;gJ ahg;ig kPwpa njhlh; vdNt mg;gb tu KbahJ. MfNt ehd; ,q;F jug;gl;ltifapy; Cfpj;J vOjpAs;Nsd;. ehd; ‘mh;j;jgj’ vd;w mjpfk; gapd;W tuj; njhlq;fpa njhliu tof;fkhd ‘gjhh;j;j’ vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyPL nra;Js;Nsd;. VL gpujp nra;jth; Gjpjhfr; Nrh;j;jpUf;fyhk;. – Ntwplq;fspy; ehd; ,e;jg; gpuNahfj;ij fz;ljpy;iy.
mg;gb vOjpath; jpl;lkpl;L ‘mh;j;jgj’ vd;W tpsf;fp vOjpdhh; vd;why;> mth; epaha fiyr; nrhy;iyj;jhd; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Njh;e;njLj;jhh;. epahagh~h vd;w E}ypy; ‘mh;j;jgj’ q;fs; ehd;fpy; cd;w mjp4f2 e;jt;a (mgth;f;fk;) vd;gjhk;.
Kjyhk; glyk; caph;
fq;iff; fiuapNy cs;s gpufhrupd; Mr;rpukj;jpw;F gpuNjhjd; nrd;W mtiu tzq;fp jdf;F Qhdf;ftp Gfl;LkhW tpz;zg;gpj;jhd;. gpufhrh; rptid tzq;fp jk; Nghjidia Muk;gpf;fpwhh;. (nra;As; 1>2)
guhf;fpa je;jpuk; ,e;E}y; gw;wpa tUzid Muk;gpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; $wg;gLk;; gjhh;j;jq;fs; 5. mit fl;Lz;l Md;kh> <];tud;> gR> Nahdp> Kf;jp ,it 3 Kjy; 5 nra;Aspy; tUfpwJ. mtw;wpd; RUf;f tpsf;fk; 6 Kjy; 10 tiu cs;sJ. (nra;As; 11-14) tpsf;fg; nghUs; kuG gw;wpa tplak; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (%yg;gpujp njsptpy;iy) (nra;As;15) Md;khtpd; ,yf;fzq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. me;j xOq;fpy; glyk; KOtjpYk; tpsf;fk; jug;gLfpd;wJ.
(nra;As;51) ,y; gpuNjhgd; Md;kh kyq;fspypUe;J ePq;Ftjw;F vd;w epiyg;ghL vd Nfl;fpwhh;. gpufhrh; kyk; vd;gJ muhfk;> gioa fUkq;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J NtWgl;l %ykyk; vd;w jdpg;gjhh;jj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ. (nra;As; 52-60) gpuNjhjd; Md;kh mwptpy;yhjJ. Mdhy; cly;> Gyd;fSld; ,izAk; nghOJ rpw;wwpit mtjhdpf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngWfpwJ. (nra;As;61). ,yf;F gpufhrh; vjph; tpsf;fkhf mwptpf;f jd;ik cz;L vd;gij tUzpf;fpwhh;. (nra;As; 62-71). (nra;As;72) ,y; gpuNjhgd; mz;lq;fspd; NtWghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzk; fUkNk vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itf;fpwhh;. mjw;F kWg;Giuia gpufhrh; Kd;itf;fpwhh;. gpuNjhgd; clNy fUj;Jj;Jtk; nra;if nra;Ak; Mw;wy; clk;Gf;Nf cupaJ. Md;khtpw;F my;y. (nra;As; 81-85) gpufhrh; md;kNk jd; fUkq;fSf;F nghWg;ghsp vd;w epiyg;ghl;il tw;GWj;Jfpd;whh;. (nra;As; 82-92) <];tud; xt;nthU md;khtpw;Fk; mJ> mJ nra;j fh;kq;fis ,izg;gNj ,iwtDila nray; vd tpsf;Ffpwhh;. m(nra;As; 93-94) KOtjpd; RUf;fk; (nra;As; 95) y; tUfpwJ.
glyk; ,uz;L gjp
(nra;As; 10): <];tudpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;L me;j xOq;fpy; glyk; nry;Yk; vd Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
(nra;As; 2-11) tp];tk; KOtJk; fhupak;> <];tud; fhuzk; vd;w tplak; Fwpj;J tpdh vOg;gp tplak; jug;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tpilapy; mUe;jhgf;jp epahak; kWf;fg;gLtJ Nghy; epahak; mwpAk; Rfe;jpukhd newp vd;gJ kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. (nra;As; 9-11)
(nra;As; 12) kPkhk;rfhpy; fhzg;gl;l ,t;Tyfk; Kd;dpUe;jJ Nghy ,d;wpy;iy vd;W $Wk; fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. fd;kNk cyfk; Njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzk; vdyhk;. gpufhrh; 13-14> 15-19 ,U gFjp tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUfpwhh;. mwpTs;s fhuzNk milg;ig epfo;j;Jk; fd;kk; mwptilg;nghUs; md;W: nray; vd;gJ rlk; gpuNjhjd; ngsj;j
guhf;fpaje;jpu eil
guhf;fpaje;jpuj;Jf;F eilapYk; njhdpapYk; xj;Jf;fhzg;gltd kpUNfe;jpuk;> kjq;fk;> njd;ehl;L ngs~fuk; vd;gd ngs~fuk; 1k; ,uhkfz;lhUf;F gpd;dNu tbtk; ngw;wJ (1998 – 2001) vd Flhy; fUJfpwhh; ngs~fuj;jpYk; guhff;fpiaapYk; xj;Js;s gFjpfis ngs~fuNk guhf;fpiaaplk; fld; thq;fpAs;sJ vd;Wk; fUJfpwhh;. ngs~fuj;jpd; 8k; mj;jpahak; KOtJNk ,ilr;nrUf;fs; vd;W Cfpf;fyhk;: Vnddpy; xj;j gFjpfs; ,jpy; jhd; KOjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdhh;. NtW xU kf;fpakhd gFjp Gjpjhff; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
12k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mNfhurpthrhupahh; jhd; Kjd; Kjy; njd;dhl;Lg; ngs~fuj;jpy; gy Gfo;; kpf;f gFjpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;bath;: Mdhy; xU NghJk; mth; ,d;d ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,jid vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpNwd; vd;W Fwpj;jJ fpilahJ. mjw;F fhuzk; mth; ,uz;L tifahd ngs~fuq;fs; ,Ug;gij mtjhdpj;J ,Uf;fyhk;. (cs;Ns Vq;fp (Uncmfortable) ,Uf;fyhk;): jd;Kd;Ndhh; kw;wg; nghs~fuj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj vLj;J fhl;Lfis Njhw;wp ,Uf;fyhk; ,J rhp vd;Nw Njhd;WfpwJ mNfhurptiug; Gjpa ngs~fuj;jpypUe;J vijAk; vLj;jhstpy;iy Ke;jpa tbtE}ypypUe;Nj fhl;Lfpwhh;. mtUila vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W ek; tpNrlftdj;Jf;F cupaJ. Vnddpy;> mJ rkPgj;jpy; gioa ngs~fuj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l rpW gFjpfisg; Nghyd;wp Gjpa ngs~fuj;jpy; tUfpwJ. (Qhduj;dhtsp> 1. nrd;id fPo;j;jpirr; Rtb E}yfk;> vd MSR14466> gf;.254> 2. GJr;Nrup gpnuQ;R epiyak; MST213. gf;231-2) ,jpy; Kjy; RNyhfk; jhd; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ: “,jp3Mjpdh g;ufhe;juk; IQhduj;dhts;ahnj3s g;u]pj;3j4k;” vd;W rh;tjh;rd3q;fpufj;jpd; irtkjg;gFjpapd; ,Wjpapy; tUfpwJ)
jjh2 ngs~fNu r
1- gjph; tpj;3ah jjh2 tpj;ah gR ghrh+:r ~a;r fhuzk;\
je;ept;Ujht;+,jp g;Nuhf;jh: ~l;]kh]j:\\
2- rpt:]jhrpt];j;t; <r: ]~jj;Ftdhjp G4 tdhjp3gp4:/ I;NQak; gjp
gjhh;j;Njh’ s n]s ke;j;u ke;j;jNur yÑzh (gh-k; yÑzh:)
3- rj;jph; tpj;3ahr G4tidh; tpj;3ahf;ar;r g;ufPh;j;jpj: / khahjj;tk;
mtpj3jahf;a: fh;kgh4ith; ]ng4stid: (gh-k; ]N`htid:)
Flhy; ,jpy; tUfpw ghlNgjk; ‘rj;jph;gjhh;j; njd;’ vd;gJ ,ilr;nrhUfhy tpsf;fk; vdf; fUjfpwhh;.
4- ]u;Nt~hk; Mj;kdhk; r+,` tp[;Qhdhfy rk;[;Qpzhk;
g;usahfy ]k;I;Qhdhk; nyfyhdhk;jij2tr/
5- ggh j;t ky]k;Nahfj; gjhh;j(j) gh ]k;I;epjk; gQ;jpt; ahjp
fyhe;NghNahkhaPa:gh]k;fu`s;//
6- ]` ]j; G+ jG tid: khah fh; ghjpgp: gjhh;(j;) j: gha]k;NI;Qnah
tpI;Nea: ggptNahf[pgp://
7- je; ept;Umj: fhuzhf; ah; gjhh;j;k; guk;gupt: jPÑhfuk]; Ng&Ngh (m)
ak; Kfj;jpAgha: g;ufPh;j;jpj://
Gjpangs~;fuj;jpy; (1>8-14) cs;s gjhh;j;jq;fNs MapDk; xd;wpypUg;gdt kw;nwhd;wpy; khwp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
guhf;fpak;> gpw Mfkq;fspy; xj;JtUk; ,lq;fs;
guhf;fpa
| guhf;fpa 2.21 d 2.122 d 3.56 d 5.6 t 6.27 a | ngs~fuk; 8k; glyk; (gy nra;Al;fis) kjq;f tpj;ahghjk; 17> 189d kjq;f tpj;ahghjk; 14> 55d kjq;f tpj;ahghjk; 3> 20 a kjq;f tpj;ahghjk; 23.85b kjq;f tpj;ahghjk; 7:44a |
kjq;fKk;> guhf;fpiaAk; cs;slf;f tplaq;fspy; xj;jit vdpDk;> eilapy; NtWgl;lit. kjq;fk; ePz;lJk;> rypg;Gj;jUtJk;> nra;As; ,ilntspia epug;g tpspr; nrhw;fs; mjpfk; tputpf;fplg;gJk; Mfpa FiwghLilaJ kff; tpj;ahghjj;jpy; miur; (c-k;)> 12 (lrpd;) nra;As;fSf;F Nky;> eRk;ra (Iakpy;iy)> ,rk;rak;> jmj;u.
guhf;a je;jpu nkhopeil
rpj;jNahfP];tuPkj je;jpuj;jpypUe;J Njh;e;njLj;j rpy mj;jpahaq;fspd; tpkh;rdg; gjpg;G. tpsf;ff;Fwpg;G nkhopngah;g;GfSld; “The Dotrne of magic Female Spirits” (xf;];Nghl; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;F rkh;gpj;j fyhepjpg; gl;l Ma;T> gpuRukhftpy;iy. (2004)
Flhy; fpuzhfk KfTiuapy; RUf;fkhf ‘[r’ nkhop gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. (1998) Mdhy; mjpy; ,k; nkhop gw;wp $l;wpahh; + N~hl;lh;kd; Fg;[pfhkj je;jpuj;jpy; tpupj;J vOjpaijf; Fwpg;gpl kwe;J tpl;lhh;. ,J> 1999y; te;jd. rpj;jNahNfkk; tup kj je;jpuj;jpy; rw;W vspikahd fz;ldj;Jld; [bw; Torzok vOjpaij ,q;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.
(,j;je;jpuj;jpy; tUk;) xoq;Ff;F Ntwhd (nrhy; ,yf;fz) tbtq;fs; <rDf;F (rptDf;F) cupa nkhopapy; rpwg;ghf mike;jit vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ‘<r’ vd;w nrhw;gpuNahfk; NÑkuh[h; ];tr;re;j je;jpujPjpw;Fj; jhk; vOjpa ciuapy; Kjypy; tUfpwJ. NÑkuh[h; ,it nja;tPf (trd) eilapd; cah; mk;rq;fs; vd;W fUjpdhYk;> mit ntWk; gpioahd gpuNahfq;fs; vd mtw;iwf; fhZk;NghJ xU fw;w kdpjd; mr;rj;Jld; js;sp itg;ghd;. (ngUk; gpioahd ,yf;fzg; gpuNahfk; vd;W) xNuabahf tpyf;fptplyhfhJ.)
,k; nkhop jdf;nfdj; jdptpjpfs; cilaJ: tlnkhopapy; jhd; mjd; jsk;: Mdhy; gpuhfpUjk;> mgg;4uk;r nkhopfspd; jhf;fk; mjpy; cz;L. ‘[r’ nkhop vd miof;fg;gLtij rk];fpUjj;Jld; xg;gplKbAk;. vdpDk; mjidg; gpioahd *gpuNahf rk;];fpUjk; vdf; $wKbahJ. (,jw;F ctikahf gpl;[pd; Mq;fpy nkhopiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
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ngh.if: Njthuk;> jpUke;jpuk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,yf;fzk; NtW: vdNt mtw;wpy; tUk; gpuNahfq;fis ,yf;fz tuk;Gf;F cl;glhjit vdj; js;sf;$lhJ vd;ghh;. rp.f ‘Mu;~k;’ (up~p thf;F) vdNt vkJ ,yf;fz msTNfhyhy; mtw;iw msf;f xz;zhJ vd;ghh;.
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